After confronting Desdemona of her crimes he decides to carry out his overall plan to end his trues loves life. Essays and criticism on William Shakespeare's Othello - Criticism . He notes that Singers Unholy Bible: A Psychological Interpretation of William Blake (1970), though oversimplified in its psychobiographical approach and its treatment of characters as psychological projections of the author, does make original use in a literary context of such Jungian techniques of dream interpretation as amplification and of such fantasy-evoking procedures as active imagination.. Iago leads Othello to suspect that love and devotion are shams disguising the basest of animalistic instincts. Frye, then, first misinterprets Jungian theory by insisting on a Lamarckian view of genetic transmission of archetypes, which Jung explicitly rejected, and later settles on a concept of archetype as a literary occurrence per se, an exclusively intertextual recurring phenomenon resembling a convention (99). The formerly self-sufficient Othello has now staked his life to his faith in Desdemona and their union, and she has done the same. However, Othello's words give a deeper insight into how he still misunderstands the situation. Is Othello or Hamlet better? In spite of his elevated status, he is nevertheless easy prey to insecurities because of his age, his life as a soldier, and his race. The archetypal characteris a simple character template recognizable to all readers. And smote himthus. First Cassio lands to deliver the news of Othellos marriage and, like the best man, supplies glowing praise for the groom and his bride; next Desdemona, accompanied by Iago and his wife, Emilia, enters but must await news of the fate of Othellos ship. Within these three days let me hear thee say Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1994. QAFQAZ UNIVERSITY SPRING, 2013. Othello demonstrates all of these characteristics in the play, proving him to be a tragic hero. From the theorists, dissertations, articles, and books, often traditionally academic in orientation, appeared; the productions of the practitioners are chronicled and critiqued in van Meurss bibliography. No more of that. Othello, a play that was written in 1604 by William Shakespeare, is an example of a type of story called a tragedy. Throughout the course of the work, Othello proves himself to be very easily misled, despite his heroic status. Child and Youth Care and Disability CYC 3000 Assignment: Getting to Know Disability Justice A deep dive into activists introduced by L. Lakshmi Piepzna-Samarasinha Due Week 2, Friday at 11:59p It is important that you begin to learn about the various people and organizations that are leading the conversation on disability justice. Othello is a complex play that deals with issues such as jealousy, gender, and race. OTHELLO: My name, that was as fresh. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. The Moor is eventually captured, tortured, and slain by Disdemonas relatives, while the ensign dies during torture for another crime. In The Tragedy of Othello, Shakespeare details the story of a celebrated military hero who falls victim to the machinations of a conniving villain who goes by the name of Iago. Frye's thesis in "The Archetypes of Literature" remains largely unchanged in Anatomy of Criticism. If Hamlet is a tragedy about youth, and Lear concerns old age, Othello is a family or domestic tragedy of a middle-aged man in which the fate of kingdoms and the cosmos that hangs in the balance in Hamlet and Lear contracts to the private world of a marriages destruction. The three fundamental qualities of an archetype are: An archetype is a preconscious, instinctual expression of man's basic nature. The tragedy of Othello is not a fault of a single villain, but is rather a consequence of a wide range of feelings, judgments and misjudgments, and attempts for personal justification exhibited by all of the participants. Witness that here Iago doth give up Archetypal Criticism Archetypal criticism argues that archetypes determine the form and function of literary works, . Othello relies easily on Iago to believe without being thought deeply. (2023). "Othello is essentially an noble character, flawed by insecurity and a nature that is naive and unsophisticated". The contrast is most pronounced from the beginning of the play to its conclusion, switching from being calm and peaceful to acts of uncontrolled venomous rage. In Shakespeare's Othello, Iago is one of the most compelling villains in English literature. In his play, he portrays Othello like a tragic hero, a type of literary character. Desdemona is shown as the most pure and proper of the women in Othello and is put into the center of all the drama. (2.1.191-93) Setting the scene. Hillman invokes Henri Corbin (1903-78), French scholar, philosopher, and mystic known for his work on Islam, as the second father of archetypal psychology. must concern itself with the archetypal, the universal, with that which is necessarily larger, more extreme than in life. Othello falls in love with Desdemona and they secretly marry; later, he leaves to Cyprus to stop the Turks. I will withdraw Between William Shakespeares most expansive and philosophical tragediesHamlet and King Learis Othello, his most constricted and heart-breaking play. The moment he showed violence towards Desdemona, the audience lost interest in comforting Othello. However, in William Shakespeare's Othello, Emilia's character portrays three completely different archetypes and they all come through in strategical places. (3.3.54) Ex. However, these fields of study contributed a lot to the development of archetypal criticism through the characters of Sir James Frazer and Carl Jung. Othello was crafted at the dawn of the 17th century, shaped by complex social and geopolitical issues that new historicist critics, who seek to place literary works within a historical framework, have recently sought to unravel. As the pair kneels together, they exchange vows: Iago: Witness you ever-burning lights above, Key quotation (Aside) O, you are well tuned now!But I'll set down the pegs that make this music, As honest as I am. Analysis. Othello is generally regarded as Shakespeares greatest stage play, the closest he would ever come to conforming to the constrained rules of Aristotelian tragedy. : Feminist: Ex. ("Literary Criticism.") In Shakespeare's, An outburst that othello has in a crowd of his peers causes people to start to question their noble leader. What is striking about Shakespeares alteration of Cinthios grisly tale of murder and villainy is the shift of emphasis to the provocation for the murder, the ennobling of Othello as a figure of great stature and dignity to underscore his self-destruction, and the complication of motive for the ensigns actions. Shakespeare derived his plot from Giraldi Cinthios Tale of the Moor, in the story collection Hecatommithi (1565), reshaping Cinthios sensational tale of jealousy, intrigue, and murder in several key ways. Iagos motivation is anything but explainable in conventional terms. Iago tries to prove Desdemona is having an affair with Cassio which increases Othello's torments of jealousy. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX, ("An Archetype Criticism of Othello, a Play by William Shakespeare. The romantic climax comes in the trial scene of act 1, in which Othello success-fully defends himself before the Venetian senate against Brabantios charge that Othello has beguiled his daughter, stoln from me, and corrupted / By spells and medicines bought of mountebanks. Calmly and courteously Othello recounts how, despite the differences of age, race, and background, he won Desdemonas heart by recounting the stories of his exotic life and adventures: She loved me for the dangers I had passed, / And I loved her that she did pity them. Wonder at Othellos heroic adventures and compassion for her sympathy have brought the two opposites togetherthe young, inexperienced Venetian woman and the brave, experienced outsider. Macbeth) in the essay title portion of your citation. Such characters can be found in works of fiction, long or short, and in more poetic works. Othello is decisive, confident, and secure in his identity, duty, and place in the world. The tragic protagonist must make a fall from a high state of being to a low state or death. Archetypal theory then took shape principally in the multidisciplinary journal refounded by Hillman in 1970 in Zurich, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought. Some of these include the downfall from high position Othello goes from being the general, to being convicted of being a murderer. Toril Moi, trans. What is a tragic hero and why is Othello considered one? These patterns and themes, often referred to as archetypes, are believed to be present in the collective unconscious of all human beings . Indeed, myth criticism seems singularly unaffected by any of the archetypal theorists who have remained faithful to the origins and traditions of depth, especially analytical, psychologyJames Hillman, Henri Corbin, Gilbert Durand, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Evangelos Christou. To furnish me with some swift means of death By the end of the play, he has brought down his world around him with the relentless force that made him a great general turned inward, destroying both what he loved best in another and in himself. To protect the anonymity of contributors, we've removed their names and personal information from the essays. And despite frequently perceptive readings, the work is marred by the characteristic limitless expansionism and psychological utilitarianism of her interpretive scheme. Othello is a man of high rank in Venice. Frye frequently acknowledged his debt to Jung, accepted some of Jungs specifically named archetypes persona and anima and counsellor and shadow and referred to his theory as Jungian criticism (Anatomy 291), a practice subsequently followed in some hand books of literary terms and histories of literary criticism, including one edited by Frye himself, which obscured crucial differences and contributed to the confusion in terminology reigning today. In Act 2, Scene 1 of Othello, Iago formulates his plan to drive Othello mad. In the essay Frye critically analyses literature against the backdrop of rituals and myths. Twere now to be most happy, for I fear Olympus-high, and duck again as low No products in the cart. Wow! As the play progresses, and Iagos plan culminates, Othellos good fortune begins to turn. Succeeds in unknown fate. Joseph P. Strelka, 1976); Karin Barnaby and Pellegrino DAcerino, eds., C. G. Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture (1990); Martin Bickman, The Unsounded Centre: Jungian Studies in American Romanticism (1980); Maud Bodkin, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry: Psychological Studies in Imagination (1934); Northrop Frye, Anatomy of Criticism: Four Essays (1957); Albert Gelpi, The Tenth Muse: The Psyche of the American Poet (1975); Naomi Goldenberg, Archetypal Theory after Jung, Spring (1975); Julia Kristeva, Stabat Mater (1977, The Kristeva Reader, ed. By trying to hide the fact that Othello had murdered her, Desdemona has chosen to put the honor of their love above honesty. Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Analysis of Stuart Halls Encoding/Decoding, Jacques Derrida's Structure, Sign and Play. Othello as a character of noble blood seems to conform to all these. He has already judged and condemned her, but he is still hunting evidence, seeking to justify to himself the stand he has already taken. Further, Jung termed his own theory analytical psychology, as it is still known especially in Europe, but Jungian thought is more commonly referred to today in all disciplines as archetypal psychology.. Like the base Indian, threw a pearl away This allows our team to focus on improving the library and adding new essays. 3. Mythological literary critics look for archetypes, characters and/or symbols with traits that are seen throughout literature regardless of time or place. To see you here before me. Archetypal criticism is a literary approach that analyzes works of literature based on the idea that there are universal, timeless patterns and themes that recur across all cultures and throughout history. What makes Othello so unique structurally (and painful to witness) is that it is a tragedy built on a comic foundation. Othello is a Moorish (African) general in the Venetian army and an eloquent storyteller who is respected, but often treated as an outsider. Instead, they blame him for his own ultimate ruin. Evil is displayed before him, not indeed with the profusion found in King Lear, but forming, as it were, the soul of a single character, and united with an intellectual superiority so great that he watches its advance fascinated and appalled. Northrop Frye has been the most influential of those critics who have argued that archetypal patterns underlie the modes, plots and genres of literary works. Of all Shakespeares tragedies . What bloody business ever. The major work of Frye's to deal with archetypes is Anatomy of Criticism but his essay The Archetypes of Literature is a precursor to the book. With some of its advocates supported through early publication of their work in the journal Spring, feminist archetypal theory and criticism of literature and the arts emerged fullblown in three texts: Annis Pratts Archetypal Patterns in Womens Fiction (1981), which self-consciously evoked and critiqued Maud Bodkins 1934 text; Estella Lauters Women as Mythmakers: Poetry and Visual Art by Twentieth Century Women (1984); and Estella Lauter and Carol Schreier Rupprechts Feminist Archetypal Theory: Interdisciplinary Re-Visions of Jungian Thought (1985). To you I am bound for life and education; Dramatically, Shakespeare turns the focus of the play from the shocking crime to its causes and psychic significance, trans-forming Cinthios intrigue story of vile murder into one of the greatest dramatic meditations on the nature of love and its destruction. For Frye, as William K. Wimsatt and Cleanth Brooks put it, archetype, borrowed from Jung, means a primordial image, a part of the collective unconscious, the psychic residue of numberless experiences of the same kind, and thus part of the inherited response-pattern of the race (Literary Criticism 709). And it is thought abroad that twixt my sheets Hes done my office. In a mess of questions of good and evil, right and wrong, critical supporters of Iago (T.S. Home Drama Criticism Analysis of William Shakespeares Othello, By NASRULLAH MAMBROL on July 25, 2020 ( 0 ). Iago's intelligence and wit allows him to make good sport of the protagonists of the play, sending Othello to his doom and that of his family. This preview is partially blurred. The patterns are the major intrinsic aspects of a work. This heuristic distinction was formed, however, solely on psychobiographical grounds: Did the text originate in, and remain principally shaped by, the authors experience of consciousness and the personal unconscious or his or her experience at the level of the archetypal collective unconscious? She stayed loyal to her lover throughout the entire play and in the end it did her no good. The term "archetype" can be traced to Plato (arche, "original"; typos, "form"), but the concept gained currency in twentieth-century literary theory and criticism through the work . Thus, all contrastive categorization would benefit from archetypal analysis. Literary Critics on Othello. This type of criticism was first experimented by Maud Bodkin, in his book Archetypal Patterns in Poetry (1934). Desdemona replies that it was her fault: Nobody I myself. In addition, many powerfully heuristic Jungian concepts, such as synchronicity, have yet to be tested in literary contexts. A Christian Moor and general of the armies of Venice, Othello is an eloquent and physically powerful figure, respected by all those around him. An archetypal critic would also say that the recurring patterns in literature prove that there are universal If we carefully examine the third scene in the third act, we can see how Othello fits into Aristotle's definition of tragic hero. She does not fight back nor call for help, Desdemona begs for her life asking to Kill me (Desdemona) tomorrow; let me live tonight! (V.ii.97). Categories: Archetypal Criticism, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Myth Criticism, Psychoanalysis, Tags: Achetypes, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language, Anatomy of Criticism, Archetypal Criticism, Archetypal feminist criticism, Archetypal Patterns in Poetry, Archetypal Psychology, Archetypal Theory, Archetypal Theory and Criticism, Archetypal Theory Criticism, Claude Levi-Strauss, Ernst Cassirer, Evangelos Christou, Francis Fergusson, Frazer, Gilbert Durand, Henri Corbin, Hermes and His Children, Hillman, Imagining: A Phenomenological Study, J. G. Frazer, J. G. Frazer The Golden Bough, James Hillman, Jessie Weston, Joseph Campbell, Jung and the Humanities: Toward a Hermeneutics of Culture., Jung's Psychology of the Unconscious, Jungian Approach to Literature, Leslie Fiedler, Literary Criticism, Literary Theory, Logos of the Soul, Maud Bodkin, Myth, Myth theory and crticism, New Polytheism, Northrop Frye, Philip Wheelwright, Psychoanalysis, Rafael Lopez-Pedraza, Richard Chase, Spring Journal, Spring: A Journal of Archetype and Culture, Spring: An Annual of Archetypal Psychology and Jungian Thought, The Golden Bough, The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic and Religion, Alchemy of Discourse: An Archetypal Approach to Language. Kibin, 2023. http://www.kibin.com/essay-examples/an-archetype-criticism-of-othello-a-play-by-william-shakespeare-yJF4zltX. Up until Act III Scene iii Othello, "noble Moor" is in an elated position and is very aware of his importance. The key to extremely detrimental jealousy lies within one's ability to recognize it or deny it. The concept of the archetype is a venerable philosophical principle that came into new prominence and usage in the twentieth century with the development of archetypal literary criticism . Desdemona is oblivious to what is going on around her and stays loyal to her morals but Iagos rumours lure Othello to thinking otherwise. The example essays in Kibin's library were written by real students for real classes. Northrop Frye, however, further developed this theory in his book Anatomy of Criticism and later in his essay 'The Archetypes in Literature .
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